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ELAM or ELAMITES
ELAND
ELBEN
ELBRACHT
ELBSORBEN
ELCHE
ELCHINGEN
ELCOCK
ELDEREN
ELDERSLIE
ELDING
ELFINGEN
ELGEN
ELGIN
ELIASDOCHTER
ELIDE
ELIMAEA or ELIMIOTAI
ELINBRUGGE
ELIOT
ELIOTSTOUN --- (see ELLIOTSTOUN)
ELIS
ELISENS
ELKERSHAUSEN
ELKSTONE
ELLALL
ELLAND
ELLEFORDE
ELLEIGH
ELLEKER
ELLENHALL
ELLERBURG
ELLERSBACH
ELLESWORTH
ELLINGEN
ELLINIKI --- (see GREECE)
ELLIOT
ELLIOTT
ELLIS or ELLYS
ELLISON
ELLUSDOTTER
ELMEDEN or ELMEDON
ELMEKE
ELMENDORF
ELMERINGHAUSEN
ELMET
ELMLEY
ELMORE
ELMSALL
ELOY
ELOYN
ELPHINSTONE
ELRICHING
ELRICHINGER
ELRINGTON
ELSA
ELSASS or ELSACE or ELSASSGAU or ELZAS --- (see also ALSACE)
ELSDON
ELSDORF
ELSEN
ELSICK
ELSOO or ELSLOO
ELST
ELSTHORPHE
ELSTON
ELTER
ELTERSHOFEN
ELTON
ELTONHEAD
ELTZ
ELVERFELDT
ELVINGEN
ELVIRA
ELWES
ELY
ELYS
ELZAS --- (see ELSASS)
ELZEE
EMALOUS
EMBRACH
EMBRIACO
EMBS
EMELDON
EMERSON
EMERY
EMESA or EMESSA
EMILDON
EMLEY
EMMERBERG
EMMERSON
EMMET
EMMETT
EMMONS
EMPERORS of Central Europe (by date)
* This lists Central European Emperors beginning with Charlemagne, as well as certain heirs or pretenders to the Imperial title. We do not show Roman, Byzantine, Asiatic, or Turkic Emperors. Russian rulers are shown in a separate list. We don't attempt to show the dominion or actual title of the sovereign, which might be ``Emperor of the West,'' ``Imperator Augustus,'' ``King of the Germans,'' ``King of the Romans,'' ``Holy Roman Emperor,'' ``Emperor-Elect,'' ``Emperor of Austria,'' etc. (Click here for the official title of Francis I First Emperor of Austria.)
Since there was often a delay of several years between the death of one Emperor and the official investiture of the next, we show regnal dates for the enabling title (usually ``King of the Germans'' or ``King of Hungary'') in order to avoid gaps in the chronology. (This leads to overlap in regnal dates for the Habsburg dynasty, as some of these Emperors promoted their heirs-apparent to King before the Emperor's death.)
Carolingian Dynasty(All Franks) [768-814] Charles I the Great (All Franks) [814-840] Louis I (the Debonnaire) * After the death of Louis I, the Empire was divided into three parts for sixty years, reunited only briefly under Charles the Fat. Charles the Bald was styled Emperor so shown here; other Kings of West Frankia are shown under FRANCE, Kings of. We show the Kings of Lorraine and East Frankia during this period, whether they were titled Emperor or not. (Lorraine) [817-855] Lothar (West Franks) [843-877] Charles II (the Bald) of the West Franks (East Franks) [843-876] Louis II of Germany (Lorraine) [855-875] Louis II (Lorraine) [855-869?] Lothar II (East Franks) [876-882] Louis III of (North) Germany (Italy) [877-880] Carloman of Bavaria (rival Emperor) (All Franks) [885-887] Charles II/III the Fat (East Franks) [887-899] Arnulf of Carinthia (Lorraine) [894-900] Zwentibold (East Franks) [899-911] Louis IV (the Child)
House of Friuli* Some sources show the following King of Italy as titled Emperor of the West. (Italy) [?-924] Berenger of Italy
House of Franconia* In 911, Conrad I was elected King of the Franks. He is often reckoned as the first Holy Roman Emperor, although that title was first used by Otto I the Great. (Germans) [911-918] Conrad I
Ottonian Saxon Dynasty(Franks) [919-936] Henry I (the Fowler) (H.R.E.) [962-973] Otto I (the Great) (H.R.E.) [973-983] Otto II (H.R.E.) [983-1002] Otto III (H.R.E.) [1002-1024] Henry II
Franconian Dynasty(H.R.E.) [1024-1039] Conrad II (H.R.E.) [1039-1056] Henry III (-) [1056-1068] Agnes (Regent Empress) * The next two Kings of Germany, who are not Franconian, are missing from most lists of Emperors. (Hermann was not named Emperor.) (Germans) [?-1080] Rudolph (Germans) [1080-1088] Hermann (H.R.E.) [1056-1106] Henry IV (H.R.E.) [1106-1125] Henry V * Henry V's wife, Matilda of England, did not give him an heir and the House of Franconia became extinct. (Matilda's womb was fruitful -- she returned to England, married Geoffrey d' Anjou and produced the Plantagenet Dynasty.)
House of Supplinburger(H.R.E.) [1125-1137] Lothar II
Hohenstaufen Dynasty(H.R.E.) [1138-1152] Conrad III (H.R.E.) [1152-1190] Frederick I (Barbarossa) (H.R.E.) [1190-1197] Henry VI (H.R.E.) [?-1208] Philip of Swabia * The next Emperor was from House of Welf (H.R.E.) [1208-1215] Otto IV of Brunswick (H.R.E.) [1212-1250] Frederick II (H.R.E.) [1250-1254] Conrad IV (H.R.E. ?) [1254-1268] Conradin
Interregnum* After the end of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty, no Emperor was crowned until 1312 (rival) [1247-1256] William II of Holland (rival) [1257-1273] Alfonso X of Castile (rival) [1257-1272] Richard of Cornwall
Miscellaneous Houses(Germans) [1273-1291] Rudolph I of Habsburg (Germans) [1292-1298] Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg (Germans) [1298-1308] Albert I of Habsburg (H.R.E.) [1308-1313] Henry VII of Luxemburg (H.R.E.) [1314-1347] Louis IV Wittelsbach (H.R.E.) [1314-1326] Frederick III (co-regent) * Following King omitted from most lists (Germans) [?-?] Gunther XXI von Schwarzburg (H.R.E.) [1347-1378] Charles IV of Luxemburg (H.R.E.) [1378-1400] Wenceslaus (IV) of Luxemburg (H.R.E.) [1400-1410] Ruprecht III Wittelsbach (H.R.E.) [1410-1437] Sigismund of Luxemburg
Habsburg Dynasty(H.R.E.) [1438-1439] Albert II (H.R.E.) [1440-1493] Frederick III * Some of the following Emperors show regnal dates before their predecessor's death. These were made Kings of Romans, Hungary and/or Bohemia as heirs-apparent. (Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans, died before his father.) (H.R.E.) [1486-1519] Maximilian I (H.R.E.) [1519-1558] Charles V (H.R.E.) [1531-1564] Ferdinand I (H.R.E.) [1562-1576] Maximilian II (H.R.E.) [1575-1612] Rudolf II, son of Maximilian II (H.R.E.) [1612-1619] Matthias (H.R.E.) [1619-1637] Ferdinand II (H.R.E.) [1636-1657] Ferdinand III (Romans) [1653-1654] Ferdinand IV, son of Ferdinand III (H.R.E.) [1658-1705] Leopold I (H.R.E.) [1690-1711] Joseph I (H.R.E.) [1711-1740] Charles VI - [1740-1742] No Emperor
House of Wittelsbach(H.R.E.) [1742-1745] Charles VII Albert of Bavaria
Habsburg-Lorraine Dynasty(H.R.E.) [1745-?] Maria Theresa (co-regent) (H.R.E.) [1745-1765] Francis I (H.R.E.) [1761-1790] Joseph II (H.R.E.) [1790-1792] Leopold II (H.R.E.) [1792-1806] Francis II * In 1806, under pressure from Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte of the French, Francis II renounced his claims to Italy and Germany. He and his descendants thus became ``merely'' Emperors of Austria. The next Emperor is the same person as Francis II. (Austria) [1806-1835] Francis I of Austria-Hungary (Austria) [1835-1848] Ferdinand I of Austria-Hungary (Austria) [1848-1916] Francis Joseph I of Austria-Hungary (Austria) [1916-1918] Charles I of Austria-Hungary
House of Napolean(France, etc.) [1804-1815] Napoleon Bonaparte (France) [1852-1870] Napoleon III
House of Hohenzollern* In 1871, the German Empire was reconstituted as the ``Second Reich.'' (Germans) [1871-1888] Wilhelm I of the German Reich (Germans) [1888-1888] Friedrich III of the German Reich (Germans) [1888-1918] Wilhelm II of the German Reich * In 1918, all four Western Empires (Imperial dignities) -- Austria, Germany, and (not shown here) Russia and Ottoman Turkey -- ceased to exist.
EMPEROR (alphabetic) or CZAR or EMPRESS or HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE or TSAR OF RUSSIA
EMPRINGHAM
EMS
EMUNDSDOTTER --- (see EDMUNDSDOTTIR)
ENCHELIANS
ENCRE
ENDE
ENDEHACHTEN
ENDELLION
ENDERLEIN
ENDORF
ENECO
ENFIELD or ENFIELDE
ENGADIN
ENGAINE or ENGAYNE
ENGELBESTEL
ENGELBOSTEL
ENGELSDORF
ENGERAM
ENGERN
ENGERSGAU
ENGHERS
ENGHIEN
ENGIAN
ENGLAND, Kings of (chronological)
* Here are shown Kings of England since Alfred the Great. Numbering and regnal dates per David Hughes. For information on earlier Kings in Britain refer to the website of David Hughes. or my list of the Anglo-Saxon High Kings.
* The symbol ( * ) means the King is omitted from many regnal lists.
* Click here for Kings since the Norman Conquest, shown as a tree.)
Saxons and Danes (1) [886-899] Alfred `the Great'
(*, rival) [ca 899] Ethelwald, prob. son of Aethelred I
(2) [899-924] Edward I `the Elder'
(*) [924-924] Elfwerd (Aelfweard), son of Edward I `the Elder'
(3) [924-939] Athelstan `the Glorious'
(4) [939-946] Edmund I `the Magnificent'
(5) [946-955] Edred, son of Edward I `the Elder'
(6) [955-959] Edwig (Edwy `the All-Fair'), son of Edmund I `the Magnificent'
(7) [959-975] Edgar I
(8) [975-978] Edward II, son of Edgar I
(9) [978-1013, 1014-1016] Ethelred II `the Unready'
(*10) [1013-1014] Sven the Dane
(11) [1016-1016] Edmund II
(12) [1016-1035] Canute the Great
(*) [1035-1037] Emma (wife of both #9 and #12)
(13) [1037-1040] Harold I, son of Canute the Great
(14) [1040-1042] Hardeknut
(*) [1035-1051,1053] Godwin of Wessex, de facto ruler
(15) [1042-1066] Edward III `the Confessor'
(16) [1066-1066] Harold II
(17*) [1066, for a few hours] Edgar II
House of Normandy * After the Norman conquest, King numbering started afresh.
(1) [1066-1087] William I `the Conqueror'
(2) [1087-1100] William II Rufus, son of William I
(3) [1100-1135] Henry I
House of Blois (4) [1135-1141, 1141-1154] Stephen
House of Plantagenet (*5) [1141-1141] Mathilda
(6) [1154-1189] Henry II
(*, rival) [ca 1183] Henry `the Young', son of Henry II
(7) [1189-1199] Richard I `the Lion-Hearted'
(*) [1189-1194] Richard on Crusade, then captive, England was governed by William Longchamp for two years, then fell into warfare led by John.
(8) [1199-1216] John
(*,regent) [1216-1219] William the Marshall
(*,regent) [1219-1231] Hubert de Burgh
(9) [1216-1272] Henry III
(*) [?-1265] Simon de Montfort, de facto ruler
(10) [1272-1307] Edward I
(11) [1307-1327] Edward II
* [1322-1326] England dominated by Hugh Despencer and his father.
* [1327-1330] England dominated by Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
(12) [1327-1377] Edward III
* [1369-1376] England dominated by John of Gaunt and his father's mistress Alice Perrers.
(13) [1377-1399] Richard II
(*) [1401-1425] (Legitimate heir: Edmund Mortimer)
House of Lancaster (14) [1399-1413] Henry IV
(15) [1413-1422] Henry V
(16) [1422-1461, 1470-1471] Henry VI
(*) [1425-1460] (Legitimate heir: Richard Plantagenet-York)
(*) [de facto Regent, 1470-1471] Richard `Kingmaker' Neville
House of York (17) [1461-1470, 1471-1483] Edward IV
(18) [1483, for a few months] Edward V, young son of Edward IV
(19) [1483-1485] Richard III
House of Tudor (20) [1485-1509] Henry VII
(21) [1509-1547] Henry VIII
(22) [1547-1553] Edward VI
(*23) [1553, for 9 days] Jane Grey
(24) [1553-1558] Mary I `the Bloody'
(*, co-regent) [1553-1558] Philip of Spain
(25) [1558-1603] Elizabeth I `the Virgin'
House of Stuart * With the ascension of Scotland's James VI to the English throne, the two countries formed a United Kingdom.
(26) [1603-1625] James I
(27) [1625-1649] Charles I
Commonwealth * [1649-1660] Interregnum. Rule by Oliver Cromwell and his son.
House of Stuart (Restored) (28) [1660-1685] Charles II
(29) [1685-1689] James II
* After James II, Roman Catholics were denied inheritance rights for the English crown. The line of the `Old Pretender' went extinct, but Jacobites continued to claim the throne for the legitimate heir of the Stuarts. Click to see list of these Jacobite 'pretenders'.
(30, co-regent) [1689-1694] Mary II
(30, co-regent) [1689-1702] William III
(31) [1702-1714] Anne
House of Hanover (32) [1714-1727] George I
(33) [1727-1760] George II
(34) [1760-1820] George III
(35) [1820-1830] George IV
(36) [1830-1837] William IV, son of George III
(37) [1837-1901] Victoria
House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (38) [1901-1910]